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- The period in the British Isles, excluding
- Ireland, from prehistory to the Roman
- occupation. After the last glacial retreat of
- the Ice Age about 15,000 BC, Britain was
- inhabited by hunters who became neolithic
- farming villagers. They built stone circles
- and buried their chiefs in barrow mounds.
- Around 400 BC Britain was conquered by the
- Celts and 54 BC by the Romans under Julius
- Caesar; Boudicca led an uprising against
- their occupation. The original inhabitants
- gradually changed from hunting and gathering
- to keeping livestock and growing corn; traces
- of human occupation in the Old Stone Age have
- been found at Cheddar Caves, Somerset. In the
- New Stone Age the farming villagers buried
- their chiefs in long barrows; remains of
- flint mining can be found at Grimes Graves,
- Norfolk. In the Bronze Age they used round
- barrows. About 1800 BC, the Beaker people
- invaded, and left traces of their occupation
- at Avebury and Stonehenge (stone circles).
- About 450 BC the Iron Age began, and shortly
- afterwards Britain was conquered by the
- Celts, who built hillforts and left burial
- sites containing chariots. The Celts were a
- tall, fair- haired people who migrated in two
- waves from Europe. First came the Goidelic
- Celts, of whom traces may still be seen in
- the Gaels of Ireland and the Highlands; there
- followed the Brythonic Celts or Bretons, who
- were closely allied in descent and culture to
- the Gauls of France. The early Britons were
- highly skilled in pottery and metalwork. Tin
- mines in Cornwall attracted merchant sailors
- from Carthage. In 55-54 BC Julius Caesar
- raided England. AD 43 marked the start of the
- Roman conquest; among the most visible
- surviving remains are those found in Bath,
- Fishbourne (near Chichester), Hadrian's Wall,
- Watling Street, London (Temple of Mithras),
- Dover, St Albans, and Dorchester. In 407 the
- Romans withdrew, but partly reoccupied the
- country about 417-27 and about 450. For later
- history, see England, history; Scotland,
- history; Wales, history; and United Kingdom.
-